Shree Agnihotri (University of Nottingham) argues that Europe should look less to the constitutional ingenuity of Philadelphia than the continuing political work required to sustain the constitutional order.
Boris Vormann (Bard College Berlin) argues that since the 1950s, Europe has built half of Alexander Hamilton’s vision of a strong, central, federal government concerned with both market integration and collective security guarantees, while leaving the other half, security, conspicuously and dangerously unfinished. Today, the external pressure that might finally force Europe to complete that vision is arriving not gradually but all at once.
Berit Ebert (Bard College Berlin) argues that while the founding narratives of the USA and the EU differ, a European foundational norm, in the sense of what Hans Kelsen called a basic norm (Grundnorm), has developed in parallel to national ones since 1951. The debate about a more coherent Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) displays that it is time to decide which norm, national or European-federal, truly has priority.
